eumelanin(black skin melanin)is essential for UV protectionwhich cause skin cancer by damaging DNA. Black skin blocks twice as much UV rays as white skin. Melanocytes in black skin are more resistant to damage and supply melanin more sustainably. Melanin also has an action against free radicals (chemical molecules contributing to aging and disease) Dark skin, which contains more melanin than light skin, is better protected against UV-induced damage; melanin in black skin is twice as effective compared to white skin in inhibiting UV radiation.

Thanks to melanin (eumelanin), black skin absorbs UV rays from the sun, while white skin devoid of melanin reflects UV rays from the sun and therefore cannot fix calcium because it is the vitamin D produced by the exposure to the sun which allows its fixation in the bones. The consequence of this lack of calcium fixation in whites will cause osteoporosis (bone disease).

Vitamin D is produced by exposure to the sun.The skin is believed to convert sunlight into vitamin D because of 7-dehydrocholesterol (lipid in blood plasma converted to vitamin D3 in the skin). Vitamin D (D2, D3) has many benefits for humans both physiologically and emotionally. Here are the most important: It increases the strength of bones and teeth by allowing the body to fix calcium, Strengthens the immune system, Reduces the risk of cancer, Fights against heart disease, Reduces inflammation, Reduces the risk of diabetes type 2, Blocks radiation from radiation, Keeps you mentally alert, Works against occasional depression, Encourages emotional stability.

Dark skin, which contains more eumelanin than light skin, is better protected against UV-induced damage, and eumelanin (melanin in blacks) is considered superior to pheomelanin (pseudo-melanin in whites) in its photoprotective properties.

However, skin pigmentation has been reported to significantly reduce vitamin D3 synthesis, black-skinned people require at least 6 times greater amounts of UV (sun) radiation to increase circulating levels. of vitamin D3 than those with white skin. It has also been reported that many African Americans who live in northern regions of the United States suffer from severe vitamin D deficiencies despite vitamin D supplementation; It has been reported that black people need vitamin D3 doses 6 times higher than white people (Brenner and Hearing report 2008:540-541)

Additionally, studies show that blacks have bones that are denser and less prone to fractures and osteoporosis than whites (report O'connor et al., 2003:263)which should not be the case if we are generally deficient in vitamin D.

This should impress upon us the importance of considering race and ethnicity in the study of the human body and medicine. If you simply take a race-blind approach that assumes everyone is the same, you will inevitably arrive at flawed concepts and practices. This amounts to realizing that white people's vitamin D needs are 6 times greater than black people's.

Furthermore, why rely on data exclusively concerning the white race to determine the biological needs of blacks when we know that in general blacks have fewer diseases and deficiencies than whites, are also more resistant and robust; and this thanks to the antioxidant properties of their melanin. We saw this universally during the covid 19 pandemic. African populations were much less affected than Europeans.

THE BLOOD: Racial Differences in Hemoglobin Concentration: Measurements of Iron, Copper, and Zinc(www.ajcn.org )

It is now scientifically established that blood can be racially or ethnically specific.

Most people are familiar with the eight main blood types: A, B, AB and O, which can each be positive or negative (the Rh factor). These are determined by genes, and which group you are from depends on what combination of proteins and sugars - antigens - cover your red blood cells. The International Society of Blood Transfusion lists 360 known antigens, but the combinations are infinitely more. Many do not affect routine blood transfusion, although all have been discovered due to causing a compatibility issue.

Transfusion

A successful blood transfusion is based on the same principle. If the transfused blood has an antigen that you are missing, your body may react badly. In extremely rare cases, the reaction can be fatal; and even if it doesn't, it can damage the immune system in people who are already weakened by their condition. In addition, you will make an antibody, a kind of immune soldier, which will help to recognize the same antigen better next time. Patients who need regular blood transfusions – those with sickle cell disease, thalassemia or leukemia, for example – continue to create antibodies and may face a decreasing need for appropriate blood because they continue to create antibodies .

We know that not everyone has the same blood, because there are many different types of blood and these types are important for anyone who needs a blood transfusion. Race is important in this context, because people of the same race are more likely to have the same blood type.